Artificial Intelligence Chapter 1

1. What is the term used for describing the judgmental or commonsense part of problem solving?

1. Heuristic

2. Critical

3. Value based

4. Analytical

Explanation:- In "computer science", and "mathematical" optimization, a "heuristic is a design technique" which is used for work out a problem more speedily when usual methods are very slow, or for finding a near solution when usual methods fail to find any exact solution.

A heuristic method is any approach to find a solution, learning, or analysis that applies a practical way not to be "very optimal or perfect", but enough for the immediate goals.

2. What stage of the manufacturing process has been described as "the mapping of function onto form"?

1. Distribution

2. Design

3. Project management

4. Field service

Explanation:- The process of designing parts, components, or products for ease of manufacture with the end objective of producing a better product at a cheaper cost is known as Design for Manufacturing (DFM). Simplifying, optimizing, and refining the product design does this.

3. Which kind of planning consists of successive representations of different levels of a plan?

1. Project planning

2. Non-hierarchical planning

3. Hierarchical planning

4. All of the above

Explanation:- Hierarchical planning is a technique used to create a strategy for achieving specific goals. It involves breaking down the goal into smaller, more manageable pieces, and then creating a plan for achieving each piece. This technique can be used for both long-term and short- term planning.

4. What was originally called the "imitation game" by its creator?

1. The Turing Test

2. The Logic Theorist

3. LISP

4. Cybernetics

Explanation:- The Turing test, originally called the imitation game by Alan Turing in 1950, is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human.

5. Decision support programs are designed to help managers make:

1. Budget projections

2. Business decisions

3. Vacation schedules

4. visual presentations

Explanation:- Decision support programs are designed to help managers make "business decision". The programs are developed in such a way that keeps all aspects of the business in mind and there shall be analysis on the past activities, causing a new path to advice.

6. PROLOG is an AI programming language which solves problems with a form of symbolic logic known as predicate calculus. It was developed in 1972 at the University of Marseilles by a team of specialists. Can you name the person who headed this team?

1. Nicklaus Wirth

2. Alain Colmerauer

3. Seymour Papert

4. John McCarthy

Explanation:- Alain Colmerauer (24 January 1941 – 12 May 2017) was a French computer scientist. He was a professor at Aix-Marseille University, and the creator of the logic programming language Prolog.

7. Programming a robot by physically moving it through the trajectory you want it to follow is called:

1. Continuous-path control

2. Robot vision control

3. Pick-and-place control

4. Contact sensing control

Explanation:- The continuous path control is also known as CP control. This type of robots can control the path, and can end on any specified position. These robots commonly move in the straight line.

8. To invoke the LISP system, you must enter

1. CL (Common Lisp)

2. LISP

3. AI

4. Both 1 and 2

Explanation:- Lisp is a programming language that has an overall style that is organized around expressions and functions. Every Lisp procedure is a function, and when called, it returns a data object as its value. It is also commonly referred to as “functions” even though they may have side effects.

Lisp is the second-oldest high-level programming language in the world which is invented by John McCarthy in the year 1958 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

9. DEC advertises that it helped to create "the world's first expert system routinely used in an industrial environment," called XCON or:

1. PDP-11

2. VAX

3. R1

4. MAGNOM

Explanation:- DEC attempted to write a conventional program to do this task, with no success, then invited McDermott to write an AI system to do it. McDermott wrote R1/XCON. By 1986, it had processed 80,000 orders, and achieved 95-98% accuracy. It was reckoned to be saving DEC $25M a year.

R1/XCON suffered from the shortcomings of simple production-rule-based systems.Expensive rewriting was needed to restore the operation of the system

10. Prior to the invention of time sharing, the prevalent method of computer access was:

1. Batch processing

2. Remote accesstelecommunicationremote access

3. Remote access

4. All of the above

Explanation:- Batch processing is a method of running high-volume, repetitive data jobs. The batch method allows users to process data when computing resources are available, and with little or no user interaction. With batch processing, users collect and store data, and then process the data during an event known as a batch window..

11. Seymour Papert of the MIT AI lab created a programming environment for children called:

1. BASIC

2. MYCIN

3. LOGO

4. FORTRAN

Explanation:- In the late 1960s, at a time when computers still cost hundreds of thousands of dollars, Papert came up with the idea for Logo, the first programming language for children. Children used Logo to program the movements of a “turtle”–either in the form of a small mechanical robot or a graphic object on the computer screen.

12. The Strategic Computing Program is a project of the:

1. National Science Foundation

2. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

3. Jet Propulsion Laboratory

4. All of the above

Explanation:- The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA) is a research and development agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of emerging technologies for use by the military. Originally known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), the agency was created in February 7, 1958 by President Dwight D.Eisenhower.

13. The original LISP machines produced by both LMI and Symbolics were based on research performed at:

1. MIT

2. CMU

3. Stanford University

4. RAMD

Explanation:- The Symbolics Lisp Machines were also sold to some non-AI markets like computer graphics, modeling, and animation. The MIT-derived Lisp machines ran a Lisp dialect named Lisp Machine Lisp, descended from MIT's Maclisp. The operating systems were written from the ground up in Lisp, often using object-oriented extensions.

14. In LISP, the addition 3 + 2 is entered as

1. 3 + 2

2. 3 add 2

3. 3 + 2 =

4. (+ 3 2)

Explanation:- (setq a 10)
(setq b 20)
(format t "~% A + B = ~d" (+ a b))
(format t "~% A - B = ~d" (- a b))
(format t "~% A x B = ~d" (* a b))
(format t "~% B / A = ~d" (/ b a))
(format t "~% Increment A by 3 = ~d" (incf a 3))
(format t "~% Decrement A by 4 = ~d" (decf a 4))

15. Weak AI is

1. The embodiment of human intellectual capabilities within a computer.

2. A set of computer programs that produce output that would be considered to reflect intelligence if it were generated by humans.

3. The study of mental faculties through the use of mental models implemented on a computer.

4. All of the above

Explanation:- Weak artificial intelligence (AI)—also called narrow AI—is a type of artificial intelligence that is limited to a specific or narrow area. Weak AI simulates human cognition. It has the potential to benefit society by automating time-consuming tasks and by analyzing data in ways that humans sometimes can’t. Weak AI can be contrasted to strong AI, a theoretical form of machine intelligence that is equal to human intelligence.

16. In LISP, the function assigns the symbol x to y is

1. (setq y x)

2. (set y = 'x')

3. (setq y 'x')

4. (setq y = 'x')

Explanation:- (setq x 10)
(setq y 20)
(format t "x = ~2d y = ~2d ~%" x y)
(setq x 100)
(setq y 200)
(format t "x = ~2d y = ~2d" x y)

17. In LISP, the function returns t if (object) is a CONS cell and nil otherwise:

1. (cons object>).

2. (consp (object))

3. (eq (object))

4. (cons = (object))

Explanation:- (cons 1 '(2)) ⇒ (1 2) (cons 1 '()) ⇒ (1) (cons 1 2) ⇒ (1 . 2)

18. In a rule-based system, procedural domain knowledge is in the form of:

1. Production rules

2. Rule interpreters

3. Meta-rules

4. Control rules

Explanation:- A programming language in which the programs consist of condition ⇒ action rules; these rules are known as productions or production rules. The programs are processed by an interpreter which repeats the following operations: all rules whose conditions are satisfied are found (rule matching), one of them is selected (conflict resolution), and its action is called (rule firing). Such systems are often known as rule-based systems in artificial intelligence and form the basis of many expert systems.

19. If a robot can alter its own trajectory in response to external conditions, it is considered to be:

1. Mobile

2. Intelligent

3. Open loop

4. Non-servo

Explanation:- If a robot can alter its own trajectory in response to external conditions, it is considered to be:Intelligent

20. One of the leading American robotics centers is the Robotics Institute located at:

1. MIT

2. RAND

3. CMU

4. SRI

Explanation:- Since its founding in 1979, the Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University has been leading the world in robotics research and education. The Robotics Institute offers Doctoral and Master's Degrees in robotics, industrial automation and computer vision utilizing advanced artificial intelligence.

21. In LISP, the function returns the first element of a list Is

1. Set

2. Car

3. First

4. Second

Explanation:- AutoLisp has many functions available to manipulate lists. Let's have a look at them. Car The primary command for taking a list apart is the "Car" function. This function returns the first element of a list.
For example :
(setq a (car pt1))
Would return :
(127.34)

22. Nils Nilsson headed a team at SRI that created a mobile robot named:

1. Shakey

2. Robitics

3. Dedalus

4. Vax

Explanation:- Shakey the robot was invented by a group of engineers in Stanford Research Institute (SRI) headed by Charles Rosen, Nils Nilsson, and Bert Raphael.Shakey was created in 1966 through 1972.Shakey was the first mobile robot with the ability to perceive and reason about its surroundings.

Shakey obtained its name from the way it could shake when it came to an abrupt stop. As Rosen recalled, “We worked for a month trying to find a good name for it, ranging from Greek names to whatnot, and then one of us said, ‘Hey, it shakes like hell and moves around, let’s just call it Shakey.”

Shakey could perceive and reason about its surroundings and communicate using ordinary English. Most importantly, Shakey itself would first plan out the route it would take, even plotting a course around obstacles. And it could perform other useful tasks, like moving boxes.

23. An AI technique that allows computers to understand associations and relationships between objects and events is called:

1. Relative symbolism

2. Pattern matching

3. Heuristic processing

4. Cognitive science

Explanation:- Pattern matching is a way to check a given sequence of tokens in order to determine the presence of a given character or data in the given sequence. It allows computers to understand the relationship between objects and events.

24. The new organization established to implement the Fifth Generation Project is called:

1. SCP (Stategic Computing Program)

2. MCC (Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation)

3. ICOT (Institute for New Generation Computer Technology)

4. MITI (Ministry of International Trade and Industry)

Explanation:- In 1982 the government decided to go ahead with the project, and established the Institute for New Generation Computer Technology (ICOT) through joint investment with various Japanese computer companies. After the project ended, MITI would consider an investment in a new "sixth generation" project.

25. The field that investigates the mechanics of human intelligence is:

1. History

2. Cognitive science

3. Psychology

4. None of the above

Explanation:- The field that investigates the mechanics of human intelligence is cognitive science. Cognitive science is an interdisciplinary study of mind and language. It combines various fields, including psychological science, neuroscience, cognitive linguistic etc. Cognitive science has helped us explore cognitive development, general brain science, and has formed much of our understanding of how the human works.

26. A problem is first connected to its proposed solution during the _____ stage.

1. Conceptualization

2. Identification

3. Formalization

4. Implementation

Explanation:- In the preceding stages, no effort has been made to relate the domain problem to the artificial intelligence technology which may solve it. During the identification and formalization stages, the focus is entirely on understanding the problem. Now, during the formalization stage, the problem is connected to its proposed solution, an expert system is supplied by analyzing the relationships depicted in the conceptualization stage. The knowledge engineer begins to select the techniques which are appropriate for developing this particular expert system.

27. What is the name of the computer program that simulates the thought processes of human beings?

1. Human logic

2. Expert reason

3. Expert system

4. Personal information

Explanation:- It is a computer program which uses the technologies of artificial intelligence to spur the behavior and judgment of an organisation or a human that possess skillful knowledge and experience in a distinctive field.

Expert systems are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning through bodies of knowledge, represented by logical reasons rather than through conventional procedural code. In 1970s the first expert systems was conceived and then expanded during the 1980s.

Some experts however have a different opinion on this, they believe that expert systems are not part of true artificial intelligence as they are incapable of processing external data.

There are two subsystems of an expert system:

1)The inference engine 2) The knowledge base.

The inference engine applies the rules to the established facts to arrive at new facts, whereas the knowledge base represents facts and rules.

28. What is the name of the computer program that contains the distilled knowledge of an expert?

1. Data base management system

2. Management information System

3. Artificial intelligence

4. Expert system

Explanation:- An Expert System is a computer program (software) that uses artificial intelligence (AI) to reproduce the judgment of a human with expert knowledge in a particular field.

A good Expert System solves a problem accurately, quickly and is easy to use. It doesn’t necessarily require technical wizardry. AI jargon can mask a bad Expert System.

Think of an Expert System as preserving the expertise of humans in a database of knowledge. An Expert System attempts to act like a human expert on a particular subject area. The data in the knowledge base is added by humans that are experts in a particular domain and the Expert System is used by a non-expert user to acquire information.

Expert Systems are often used to help non-experts when a human expert is too expensive, the results too slow if use a human(s), error rate too high with a human(s), unintentional human bias, or it is difficult for a person to reach the location.

29. Claude Shannon described the operation of electronic switching circuits with a system of mathematical logic called:

1. Boolean algebra

2. Neural networking

3. LISP

4. XLISP

Explanation:- Boolean algebra is the category of algebra in which the variable’s values are the truth values, true and false, ordinarily denoted 1 and 0 respectively. It is used to analyze and simplify digital circuits or digital gates. It is also called Binary Algebra or logical Algebra. It has been fundamental in the development of digital electronics and is provided for in all modern programming languages. It is also used in set theory and statistics.

The important operations performed in Boolean algebra are – conjunction (∧), disjunction (∨) and negation (¬). Hence, this algebra is far way different from elementary algebra where the values of variables are numerical and arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction is been performed on them.

30. A computer program that contains expertise in a particular domain is called an:

1. Intelligent planner

2. Automatic processor

3. Operational symbolizer

4. Expert system

Explanation:- An Expert System is a computer program (software) that uses artificial intelligence (AI) to reproduce the judgment of a human with expert knowledge in a particular field.

A good Expert System solves a problem accurately, quickly and is easy to use. It doesn’t necessarily require technical wizardry. AI jargon can mask a bad Expert System.

Think of an Expert System as preserving the expertise of humans in a database of knowledge. An Expert System attempts to act like a human expert on a particular subject area. The data in the knowledge base is added by humans that are experts in a particular domain and the Expert System is used by a non-expert user to acquire information.

Expert Systems are often used to help non-experts when a human expert is too expensive, the results too slow if use a human(s), error rate too high with a human(s), unintentional human bias, or it is difficult for a person to reach the location.

31. Ambiguity may be caused by:

1. Syntactic ambiguity

2. Multiple word meanings

3. Unclear antecedents

4. All of the above

Explanation:- Empson (1977) suggests that the causes of ambiguity could be as a result of the thought of the hearer being complicated or doubtful; whereas, the speaker’s thought could be direct. On the other hand, Fromkin and Rodman (2007) affirm that ambiguity is caused by the arbitrariness of language.

32. Which company offers the LISP machine considered to be "the most powerful symbolic processor available"?

1. LMI

2. Xerox

3. Symbolics

4. Texas Instruments

Explanation:- The Symbolics Lisp Machine Museum memorializes the Symbolics Lisp Machine ( LispM ) and the company that developed and manufactured it, Symbolics. Symbolics offered an unparalleled object-oriented software development environment in the following areas: 3D Graphics, Expert Systems, Knowledge Based Systems, Modeling, Multi-Processing, Neural Networks, Rapid Prototyping and Simulation. The company was a spinoff from MIT’s AI Lab and, in the 80’s and early 90’s, Symbolics’ research and development staff (first at MIT, and then later at the company) produced a number of major innovations in software technology.

33. What of the following is considered to be a pivotal event in the history of AI.

1. 1949, Donald O, The organization of Behaviour

2. 1956, Dartmouth University Conference Organized by John McCarthy

3. 1950, Computing Machinery and Intelligence.

4. 1961, Computer and Computer Sense.

Explanation:- In 1955, John McCarthy, then a young Assistant Professor of Mathematics at Dartmouth College, decided to organize a group to clarify and develop ideas about thinking machines. He picked the name 'Artificial Intelligence' for the new field. He chose the name partly for its neutrality; avoiding a focus on narrow automata theory, and avoiding cybernetics which was heavily focused on analog feedback, as well as him potentially having to accept the assertive Norbert Wiener as guru or having to argue with him.

34. Natural language processing is divided into the two subfields of:

1. Symbolic and numeric

2. Time and motion

3. Understanding and generation

4. Algorithmic and heuristic

Explanation:- NLP is generally divided into two major subfields: Natural Language Understanding (NLU) and Natural Language Generation (NLG). As the name suggests, NLU refers to process of machines comprehending natural language and involves mapping out the natural language input into useful representation and analyzing the different aspects of the language.

35. High-resolution, bit-mapped displays are useful for displaying:

1. Clearer characters

2. Graphics

3. More characters

4. All of the above

Explanation:- Map of bits :The term bitmap comes from the computer programming terminology, meaning just a map of bits, a spatially mapped array of bits. Now, along with pixmap, it commonly refers to the similar concept of a spatially mapped array of pixels.

36. A bidirectional feedback loop links computer modelling with:

1. Artificial science

2. Heuristic processing

3. Cognitive science

4. Human intelligence

Explanation:- Cognitive science :Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes with input from linguistics, psychology, neuroscience, philosophy, computer science/artificial intelligence, and anthropology.

37. Which of the following have people traditionally done better than computers?

1. Recognizing relative importance

2. Finding similarities

3. Resolving ambiguity

4. All of the above

Explanation:- Recognizing relative importance, Finding similarities, Resolving ambiguity of the following have people traditionally done better than computers.

38. In LISP, the function evaluates both (variable) and (object) is

1. eva

2. add

3. setq

4. set

Explanation:- Sets are implemented using the adjoin function. Adjoin function allows us to build up a set. Adjoin function can take a list as an argument and returns a set. The adjoin function is defined as follows:

Syntax:
adjoin item list AND key key test => new-list

39. Which type of actuator generates a good deal of power but tends to be messy?

1. Electric

2. Hydraulic

3. Pneumatic

4. (B) and (c) above

Explanation:- Hydraulic actuator definition is, a device that is used to change the fluid’s pressure energy into mechanical is known as a hydraulic actuator. The hydraulic actuator includes a cylinder or a fluid motor that works through hydraulic power for mechanical operation. The mechanical motion provides an output in the form of rotary, linear otherwise oscillatory motion. When liquids are almost unfeasible to compress, then a hydraulic actuator uses a large force.

40. Research scientists all over the world are taking steps towards building computers with circuits patterned after the complex inter connections existing among the human brain's nerve cells. What name is given to such type of computers?

1. Intelligent computers

2. Supercomputers

3. Neural network computers

4. Smart computers

Explanation:- Neural networks, also known as artificial neural networks (ANNs) or simulated neural networks (SNNs), are a subset of machine learning and are at the heart of deep learning algorithms. Their name and structure are inspired by the human brain, mimicking the way that biological neurons signal to one another.

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are comprised of a node layers, containing an input layer, one or more hidden layers, and an output layer. Each node, or artificial neuron, connects to another and has an associated weight and threshold. If the output of any individual node is above the specified threshold value, that node is activated, sending data to the next layer of the network. Otherwise, no data is passed along to the next layer of the network.

41. The hardware features of LISP machines generally include:

1. Large memory and a high-speed processor

2. Letter-quality printers and 8-inch disk drives

3. A mouse and a specialized keyboard

4. Both (1) and (3)

Explanation:- Intel MCS-80 is based on the widely used Intel 8080 microprocessor The MCS-80 (Micro Computer Set-80) was a family of 8-bit microprocessor chipsets developed by Intel. Introduced on April, 1974, the MCS-80 featured the 8080 CPU, the forefather of all modern x86-based microprocessors.

42. In 1985, the famous chess player David Levy beat a world champion chess program in four straight games by using orthodox moves that confused the program. What was the name of the chess program?

1. Kaissa

2. Golf

3. CRAY BLITZ

4. DIGDUG

Explanation:- Cray Blitz was a computer chess program written by Robert Hyatt, Harry L. Nelson, and Albert Gower to run on the Cray supercomputer. It was derived from "Blitz" a program that Hyatt started to work on as an undergraduate.

43. The explanation facility of an expert system may be used to:

1. Construct a diagnostic model

2. Expedite the debugging process

3. Explain the system's reasoning process

4. Both (2) and (3)

Explanation:- The explanation facility of an expert system may be used to Expedite the debugging process AND Explain the system's reasoning process.

44. A process that is repeated, evaluated, and refined is called:

1. Diagnostic

2. Descriptive

3. Iterative

4. Interpretive

Explanation:- A repeated, evaluated, and the refined process is called an iterative process. Iterative is that process in which should repeat practice of a task of any project multiple times in the same manner; then, after repeating the task, it should be examined to know the correction and then changes made for new improvisation.

45. Visual clues that are helpful in computer vision include:

1. Colour and motion

2. Depth and texture

3. Height and weight

4. 1 and 2 above

Explanation:- Visual clues that are helpful in computer vision include: colour and motion and depth and texture

46. In LISP, the function X (x). (2x+l) would be rendered as

1. (lambda (x) (+(*2 x)l))

2. (lambda (x) (+1 (* 2x)

3. (+ lambda (x) 1 (*2x))

4. (* lambda(x) (+2x1)

Explanation:- Example:

(mapcar #'(lambda (x) (+ x 1)) '(1 2 3)) (2 3 4)
(mapcar (lambda (x) (+ x 1)) '(1 2 3)) (2 3 4)

47. A natural language generation program must decide:

1. What to say

2. When to say something

3. Why it is being used

4. Both (1) and (2)

Explanation:- A natural language generation program must decide: what to say and when to say something

48. Who is considered to be the "father" of artificial intelligence?

1. John McCarthy

2. Yann André LeCun

3. Allen Newell

4. Alan Turning

Explanation:- John McCarthy was one of the most influential people in the field. He is known as the "father of artificial intelligence" because of his fantastic work in Computer Science and AI. McCarthy coined the term "artificial intelligence" in the 1950s. He defined it as "the science and engineering of making machines that are smart."

Alan Mathison Turing, a British logician and computer pioneer, did some of the first significant work in artificial intelligence in the middle of the 20th century. In 1935, Turing wrote about an abstract computer with an infinite memory and a scanner that moved symbol by symbol through the memory, reading what it found and writing more symbols.

In 1955, Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon made "Logic Theorist," which they called the "first artificial intelligence program."

Yann André LeCun is a French computer scientist focusing on machine learning, computer vision, mobile robotics, and computational neuroscience. LeCun, Yoshua Bengio, and Geoffrey Hinton all worked on deep learning and won the 2018 Turing Award. This award is often called the "Nobel Prize of Computing." People sometimes call the three the "Godfathers of AI" or the "Godfathers of Deep Learning."

49. In which of the following areas may ICAI programs prove to be useful?

1. Educational institutions

2. Corporations

3. Department of Defence

4. All of the above

Explanation:- ICAI - The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

50. A network with named nodes and labeled arcs that can be used to represent certain natural language grammars to facilitate parsing.

1. Transition Network

2. Complete Network

3. Tree Network

4. Star Network

Explanation:- The transition network can be constructed by the help of some inputs, states and outputs. A transition network may consist of some states or nodes, some labeled arcs from one state to the next state through which it will move. The arc represents the rule or some conditions upon which the transition is made from one state to another state.

Score:-